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- Operating System Tutorial
In fact, the PB3000 in sealed mode will be much more powerful in the mid-bass frequencies than the SB4000 will, due to a more efficient driver. Of course, in ported mode, the PB3000 will absolutely blow away the sealed SB4000.
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One of the important jobs of an Operating System is to manage various I/O devices including mouse, keyboards, touch pad, disk drives, display adapters, USB devices, Bit-mapped screen, LED, Analog-to-digital converter, On/off switch, network connections, audio I/O, printers etc.
An I/O system is required to take an application I/O request and send it to the physical device, then take whatever response comes back from the device and send it to the application. I/O devices can be divided into two categories −
Block devices − A block device is one with which the driver communicates by sending entire blocks of data. For example, Hard disks, USB cameras, Disk-On-Key etc.
Character devices − A character device is one with which the driver communicates by sending and receiving single characters (bytes, octets). For example, serial ports, parallel ports, sounds cards etc
Device Controllers
Device drivers are software modules that can be plugged into an OS to handle a particular device. Operating System takes help from device drivers to handle all I/O devices.
The Device Controller works like an interface between a device and a device driver. I/O units (Keyboard, mouse, printer, etc.) typically consist of a mechanical component and an electronic component where electronic component is called the device controller.
There is always a device controller and a device driver for each device to communicate with the Operating Systems. A device controller may be able to handle multiple devices. As an interface its main task is to convert serial bit stream to block of bytes, perform error correction as necessary.
Any device connected to the computer is connected by a plug and socket, and the socket is connected to a device controller. Following is a model for connecting the CPU, memory, controllers, and I/O devices where CPU and device controllers all use a common bus for communication.
Synchronous vs asynchronous I/O
Synchronous I/O − In this scheme CPU execution waits while I/O proceeds
Asynchronous I/O − I/O proceeds concurrently with CPU execution
Communication to I/O Devices
The CPU must have a way to pass information to and from an I/O device. There are three approaches available to communicate with the CPU and Device.
- Special Instruction I/O
- Memory-mapped I/O
- Direct memory access (DMA)
Special Instruction I/O
This uses CPU instructions that are specifically made for controlling I/O devices. These instructions typically allow data to be sent to an I/O device or read from an I/O device.
Memory-mapped I/O
When using memory-mapped I/O, the same address space is shared by memory and I/O devices. The device is connected directly to certain main memory locations so that I/O device can transfer block of data to/from memory without going through CPU.
While using memory mapped IO, OS allocates buffer in memory and informs I/O device to use that buffer to send data to the CPU. I/O device operates asynchronously with CPU, interrupts CPU when finished.
The advantage to this method is that every instruction which can access memory can be used to manipulate an I/O device. Memory mapped IO is used for most high-speed I/O devices like disks, communication interfaces.
Direct Memory Access (DMA)
Slow devices like keyboards will generate an interrupt to the main CPU after each byte is transferred. If a fast device such as a disk generated an interrupt for each byte, the operating system would spend most of its time handling these interrupts. So a typical computer uses direct memory access (DMA) hardware to reduce this overhead.
Direct Memory Access (DMA) means CPU grants I/O module authority to read from or write to memory without involvement. DMA module itself controls exchange of data between main memory and the I/O device. CPU is only involved at the beginning and end of the transfer and interrupted only after entire block has been transferred.
Direct Memory Access needs a special hardware called DMA controller (DMAC) that manages the data transfers and arbitrates access to the system bus. The controllers are programmed with source and destination pointers (where to read/write the data), counters to track the number of transferred bytes, and settings, which includes I/O and memory types, interrupts and states for the CPU cycles.
The operating system uses the DMA hardware as follows −
| Step | Description |
|---|---|
| 1 | Device driver is instructed to transfer disk data to a buffer address X. |
| 2 | Device driver then instruct disk controller to transfer data to buffer. |
| 3 | Disk controller starts DMA transfer. |
| 4 | Disk controller sends each byte to DMA controller. |
| 5 | DMA controller transfers bytes to buffer, increases the memory address, decreases the counter C until C becomes zero. |
| 6 | When C becomes zero, DMA interrupts CPU to signal transfer completion. |
Polling vs Interrupts I/O
A computer must have a way of detecting the arrival of any type of input. There are two ways that this can happen, known as polling and interrupts. Both of these techniques allow the processor to deal with events that can happen at any time and that are not related to the process it is currently running.
Polling I/O
Polling is the simplest way for an I/O device to communicate with the processor. The process of periodically checking status of the device to see if it is time for the next I/O operation, is called polling. The I/O device simply puts the information in a Status register, and the processor must come and get the information.
Most of the time, devices will not require attention and when one does it will have to wait until it is next interrogated by the polling program. This is an inefficient method and much of the processors time is wasted on unnecessary polls.
Compare this method to a teacher continually asking every student in a class, one after another, if they need help. Obviously the more efficient method would be for a student to inform the teacher whenever they require assistance.
Interrupts I/O
An alternative scheme for dealing with I/O is the interrupt-driven method. An interrupt is a signal to the microprocessor from a device that requires attention.
A device controller puts an interrupt signal on the bus when it needs CPU’s attention when CPU receives an interrupt, It saves its current state and invokes the appropriate interrupt handler using the interrupt vector (addresses of OS routines to handle various events). When the interrupting device has been dealt with, the CPU continues with its original task as if it had never been interrupted.
Software Updates
For Latest Support information and Downloads, please visit http://www3.jvckenwood.com/english/download/
For updates to professional models, please visit our PRO support page at http://pro.jvc.com/firmware
End-User License Agreement
Before you download any software or firmware you must agree to our End-User License Agreement.Installing or using the firmware indicates your acceptance of these terms and conditions.
View the End-User License Agreement
GPL/LGPL Source code is available to you, please visit http://www3.jvckenwood.com/english/download/gpl/
Projectors
DLA-RS4500
Calibration software.DLA-X570, DLA-X770, DLA-X970
Calibration software.DLA-X570, DLA-X770, DLA-X970 firmware update
Firmware upgrade (v30.1) for DLA-X570, DLA-X770, DLA-X970DLA-X550, DLA-X750, DLA-X950
Upgraded firmware and recommended settings for HDR content.DLA-X500, DLA-X700, DLA-X900 firmware update
This update improves reliability of both RS232C and LAN communication, especially when a test pattern is displayed.View the DLA-X500 & DLA-X700 & DLA-X900 update procedure
Download the DLA-X500 & DLA-X700 & DLA-X900 update file (zip format)
DLA-X70R, DLA-X90R firmware update
This update addresses Incorrect color may appear in certain modes.View the DLA-X70R & DLA-X90R update procedure
Download the DLA-X70R & DLA-X90R update file (zip format)
DLA-X90R firmware update
This update addresses Projector inoperative under certain conditions, Lens Aperture inoperative under certain conditions, limited the input level of HDMI signal in THX mode, reverse acting of Pixel Shift partially with upside-down installation, calibration inoperative in certain operations, message for fine adjustment when calling Lens memory.View the DLA-X90R update procedure
Download the DLA-X90R update file (zip format)
DLA-X70R firmware update
This update addresses Projector inoperative under certain conditions, Lens Aperture inoperative under certain conditions, limited the input level of HDMI signal in THX mode, reverse acting of Pixel Shift partially with upside-down installation, calibration inoperative in certain operations, message for fine adjustment when calling Lens memory.View the DLA-X70R update procedure
Download the DLA-X70R update file (zip format)
DLA-X30 firmware update
This update addresses remaining picture mode display on screen when pushing the picture mode button of the remote controller, Projector inoperative under certain conditions, message for fine adjustment when calling Lens memory.View the DLA-X30 update procedure
Download the DLA-X30 update file (zip format)
DLA-X3 firmware update
This update contains HDMI 1.4 improvements.View the DLA-X3 update procedure
Download the DLA-X3 update file (zip format)
DLA-X7, DLA-X9 firmware update
This update addresses CEC Operation, HDMI 1.4 improvements, a Lens-shift direction of the ceiling mode, smoothness of the Color management adjustment, and improve the 2D to 3D (and 3D to 2D) mode switchingView the DLA-X7 & DLA-X9 update procedure
Download the DLA-X7 & DLA-X9 update file (zip format)
DLA-HD350BU firmware update
This update improves IR sensor detectionView the DLA-HD350BU update procedure
Download the DLA-HD350BU update file (zip format)
DLA-HD750BU firmware update
This update improves IR sensor detection and expands Color Management System adjustment rangeView the DLA-HD750BU update procedure
Download the DLA-HD750BU update file (zip format)
Everio and Camcorder
GC-XA2 update
This update improves the reliability of the social website connection.View details
GC-PX100 update
This update improves the reliability of the record operation.View details
GZ-E300, GZ-E306, GZ-EX310, GZ-EX355, GZ-HM65, and GZ-VX815 update
This update improves the reliability of the record operation.View details
GC-XA1 update
Update for use with iOS6 devices. Improvement of WiFi function and other stability improvements.Caution: Please also update the WiVideo iOS App.
View details
GZ-E10 and GZ-HM40 update
This update addresses picture shaking during recording.View details
Get the GZ-E10 and GZ-HM40 update
Everio MediaBrowser update
This update corrects connection issues.View details
GC-FM2 and GC-WP10 update
This update improves stability.View details
GC-FM1 (Picsio) firmware update
This update improves the camera speaker sound and improves the camera's Auto White Balance.View the GC-FM1 update procedure
Download the GC-FM1 update file (exe format)
GZ-HD3 firmware update
This update address issue when camera doesn’t memorize the date/time settings.View the GZ-HD3 update procedure
Download the GZ-HD3 update file (zip format)
Car A/V and Navigation
For Latest Support information and Downloads, please visit http://www.jvc.net/cs/car/
Video, DVD & Blu-ray
XV-BP1 firmware update
This update addresses playback issues with some movies: playability and stability.View the XV-BP1 update and procedure.
XV-BP10 / XV-BP11 firmware update
This update addresses playback issues with some movies: playability and stability.View the XV-BP10 / XV-BP11 update and procedure.
DR-MV79 firmware update
Sealed Unit Parts Port Devices Driver Windows 7
This update address issue when recording is interrupted due to copy protection as well as digital audio output improvement when HDMI is used.View the DR-MV79 update procedure
Download the DR-MV79 update file (zip format)
DR-MV100 firmware update
This update address issue when recording is interrupted due to copy protection as well as digital audio output improvement when HDMI is used.View the DR-MV100 update procedure
Download the DR-MV100 update file (zip format)
Television
LT-42B300 firmware update
For latest Blu-ray disc compatibilityView the LT-42B300 update procedure
Sealed Unit Parts Port Devices Driver Updater
Download the LT-42B300 update file (zip format)
Audio and Home Theater
RD-N1 firmware update:
This update addresses:Corrects other brand LCD remotes from affecting operation of this model
View the update procedure
Download the update file (zip format)
Sealed Unit Parts Port Devices Driver Side Mirror
RV-NB50 and RV-NB52 firmware update:
This update addresses:Improvemed iPod Touch Connection
Improvemed sound quality
Improvemed timer set method
View the update procedure
Download the update file (zip format)
TH-D5 and TH-D50 firmware update:
This software update address issue when a thin blue line along left edge of High Definition TV screen is visible when connected thru HDMI to TH-D5/D50.View the THD5 and THD50 update procedure
Download the THD5 and THD50 update file (zip format)
TH-D60 firmware update:
This software update address issue when a thin blue line along left edge of High Definition TV screen is visible when connected thru HDMI to TH-D60.
View the THD60 the update procedure
Download the THD60 update file (zip format)
Sealed Unit Parts Port Devices Driver
CyberLink Media Server
Update version 1.1for DD-3 Network Media System
Sealed Unit Parts Port Devices Drivers
After installing CyberLink Media Server from the supplied CD-ROM, it is recommended that you upgrade CyberLink Media Server to enable you to utilize the latest functions. Refer to the web-site http://www3.jvckenwood.com/english/download/index.html for upgrading CyberLink Media Server.
XA-HD500 Firmware Upgrade Version 1.00.1071:
This firmware version address the issue when a high speed USB 2.0 HUB is connected to your PC and a mixture of slower FULL or LOW SPEED USB devices are connected to the HUB, then the PC may not recognize XA-HD500 properly.Please read the instructions, before attempting to upgrade the firmware.